Legislative elections were held between December 13, and January 15, , and the SSU won out of seats in the National Assembly. President Gaafar Muhammad al-Nimeiry declared a state-of-emergency on April 29, , and he lifted the state-of-emergency on September 29, The Libyan government provided diplomatic assistance diplomatic recognition to the military government on April 7, , and the government of Saudi Arabia provided diplomatic assistance diplomatic recognition to the military government on April 8, General Siwar Dhahab declared a state-of-emergency and suspended the constitution on April 7, The Libyan government agreed to provide military assistance logistical and training support to the government on April 24, , and the two countries signed a military protocol on July 9, European Community EC foreign ministers appealed for negotiations between the government and opposition groups on April 29, Government troops suppressed a military rebellion near Khartoum on September , , resulting in the deaths of two individuals.
An interim constitution went into effect on October 10, Some 22, individuals were killed during the crisis. Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi formed a new coalition government on May 15, Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi dissolved the government on March 11, General Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir took control of the government, declared a state of emergency, and suspended the constitution on June 30, General Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir banned political parties on July 1, , and formed a government as prime minister on July 9, The Egyptian government provided diplomatic assistance diplomatic recognition to the RCC on July 2, The Sudanese government suppressed a rebellion on April 23, , and 31 individuals were executed for their involvement in the rebellion on April 24, The RCC named Lt.
The European Community EC imposed military sanctions arms embargo against the government on March 15, Government police and demonstrators clashed in Khartoum on September , , resulting in the deaths of two individuals. Legislative elections were held between March 2 and March 17, , and independents won out of seats in the National Assembly.
General Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir was elected president with 76 percent of the vote on March , , and he was inaugurated as president on April 1, HRW condemned the government for human rights abuses against opponents of the government on February 10, A new constitution was approved in a referendum held on May 27, The new constitution was signed into law on June 30, President Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir dissolved the parliament and declared a three-month state-of-emergency on December 11, Twenty individuals were killed in political violence in Omdurman on December 9, President Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir was re-elected with 87 percent of the vote on December 22, , and he was inaugurated for a second term on February 12, Four individuals were killed in election-related violence in Sodari province on December 21, NDA rebels killed seven government policemen in Aroma on February 6, Members of the al-Muaalia and Reizagat tribes clashed in western Sudan in May , resulting in the deaths of some 50 individuals.
On July 17, , eighty-seven individuals were sentenced to death by a government court for their involvement in the May clashes in western Sudan. The parliament extended the state-of-emergency for an additional year on December 23, Government troops clashed with rebels in the Darfur region on July 12, , resulting in the deaths of 13 government soldiers and 30 rebels.
The European Union EU imposed military sanctions arms embargo against the Sudanese government and non-governmental groups in the Darfur region on January 9, Members of the Janjaweed killed some individuals in Wadi Saleh in the Darfur region on March , The EU sent a seven-member fact-finding mission to the Darfur region on August 3, On August 9, , the EU fact-finding mission reported that they had found no evidence of a genocide in the Darfur region.
On October 20, , the AU decided to established the African Union Mission in Sudan AMIS II to monitor the ceasefire agreement, protect the delivery of humanitarian assistance, protect internally-displaced persons, and assist Sudanese police in maintaining law and order.
The military component of AMIS II consisted of 6, military personnel including 5, peacekeeping soldiers and military observers from 28 countries commanded by General Festus Okonkwo of Nigeria. Government troops killed 17 demonstrators in Port Sudan in eastern Sudan on January 29, The Sudanese government lifted the nationwide state-of-emergency on July 11, , except for the Darfur region and parts of eastern Sudan.
The mission consisted of some military and civilian personnel including military experts, military observers, and civilian police officers. Vice-President John Garang was killed in a helicopter accident on August 1, On August , , some individuals were killed during riots that following the death of Vice-President Garang.
The government of Eritrea mediated a ceasefire agreement between the Sudanese government and Eastern Front EF , a coalition of rebels groups in eastern Sudan, on June 19, Government troops launched a military offensive in the Darfur region on August 29, President George W. Bush appointed Andrew Natsios as U. Special Envoy to Sudan on September 19, The government of Eritrea mediated the signing of a peace agreement between the Sudanese government and EF on October 14, Thirty-three internally-displaced persons were killed by government troops in the Kalma camp on August 25, On September 9, , the LAS established a six-member committee led by the government of Qatar to mediate negotiations between the government and Darfur rebels.
Government troops clashed with JEM rebels in North Darfur state on February 19, , resulting in the deaths of some 17 rebels and 11 government soldiers. Representatives of JEM withdrew from negotiations with the government on March 20, Members of the Murle ethnic group attacked members of the Lou Nuer ethnic group at a camp in the Akobo area in Jonglei state on August 3, , resulting in the deaths of more than individuals.
Government police clashes with protesters in Khartoum on August 5, On September 1, , Lt. Lou Nuer tribesmen attacked the village of Duk Padiet in Jonglei state on September 20, , resulting in the deaths of some 80 individuals. Ten individuals were killed in clashed between members of the Zaghawa and Birgid tribes south of El Fasher on October 27, Government and Darfur rebel representatives resumed negotiations in Doha, Qatar on November 18, Government police arrested several opposition leaders in Khartoum on December 8, Some , individuals were killed, and some 2.
The Umma Party UP boycotted the legislative and presidential elections. President Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir was re-elected with 68 percent of the vote on April , , and he was sworn in for another term on May 27, The Carter Center sent 16 long-term observers and 48 short-term observers to monitor the legislative and presidential elections from late to April 17, The European Parliament sent six short-term observers headed by Ana Gomes of Portugal to monitor the legislative and presidential elections from April 9 to April 17, The EU sent observers from 28 countries 25 EU member-states, as well as Canada, Norway, and Switzerland headed by Veronique de Keyser from Belgium to monitor the legislative and presidential elections on February 28 to May 18, JEM suspended its participation in peace negotiations with government representatives in Doha, Qatar on June 3, Some 37 individuals were killed during attacks in Jebel Marra in North Darfur state on September 2, Government police clashed with protesters in Khartoum and Al-Ubayyid on January 30, , resulting in the death of one protester.
The Sudanese government declared a state of emergency in Blue Nile state on September 2, Three UN peacekeeping personnel, including two Rwandan peacekeeping soldiers and one Senegalese police adviser, were killed near the town of El Fasher in North Darfur state on October 10, Some 35 government soldiers were killed by rebels in North Darfur state on November 23, Government police clashed with protesters in Khartoum on December , Government troops clashed with SPLM-N rebels in Blue Nile state beginning on January 20, , resulting in the deaths of seven rebels and 26 government soldiers.
The kingdom rivaled and at times overtook Egypt. This first Kushite kingdom traded in ivory, gold, bronze, ebony and slaves with neighboring states such as Egypt and ancient Punt, along the Red Sea to the east, and it became famous for its blue glazed pottery and finely polished, tulip-shaped red-brown ceramics. Among those who first challenged the received wisdom from Reisner was the Swiss archaeologist Charles Bonnet. It took 20 years for Egyptologists to accept his argument.
He identified and excavated a fortified Kushite metropolis nearby, known as Dukki Gel, which dates to the second millennium B. Around B. Egyptian rule prevailed in Kush until the 11th century B. As Egypt retreated, its empire weakening, a new dynasty of Kushite kings rose in the city of Napata, about miles southeast of Kerma, and asserted itself as the rightful inheritor and protector of ancient Egyptian religion.
Piye recorded his victory in a line inscription in Middle Egyptian hieroglyphics on a stele of dark gray granite preserved today in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.
He then returned to Napata to rule his newly expanded kingdom, where he revived the Egyptian tradition, which had been dormant for centuries, of entombing kings in pyramids, at a site called El-Kurru.
He moved the royal cemetery to Nuri, 14 miles away, and had a pyramid built for himself that is the largest of those erected to honor the Kushite kings.
Archaeologists still debate why he moved the royal cemetery. Beginning in the sixth century B. The city, at the junction of several important trade routes in a region rich in iron and other precious metals, became a bridge between Africa and the Mediterranean, and it grew prosperous.
The pyramids in Meroe, which was named a Unesco World Heritage site in , are undoubtedly the most striking feature here. The military said the Council would Sudan through a two-year transition to civilian rule, but opposition groups demanded a quicker transfer.
The African Union and Ethiopia negotiated a power-sharing deal that put a joint civilian-military government in place in September, but the military dismissed the civilian ministers in a coup in October Lt-Gen Burhan has been accused of involvement in atrocities during military operations against non-Arab civilians in Darfur in , when he was chief of ground forces.
Sudanese broadcasting is highly restricted and state TV and radio reflect government policy. The private press carries opposition views, but the state uses its powers to influence what is published. More than a quarter of Sudanese citizens are online, but access can be prohibitively expensive. Activists have faced arrest for their social media activities.
Some key dates in Sudan's history:.
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